lunes, 4 de junio de 2007

Enseña a tu hijo a dormir


Los malos hábitos provocan transtornos en el sueño infantil

El 35% de los niños menores de cinco años padecen insomnio, es decir, se resisten a acostarse y se despiertan varias veces cada noche. Generalmente, los desordenes del sueño son pasajeros, pero en ocasiones pueden alterar significativamente la vida familiar.

Los niños que no quieren acostarse lo pueden hacer por miedo a la oscuridad o a no despertarse, por la inseguridad que les provoca estar solos o porque quieren estar más tiempo en compañía de sus padres. Sin embargo, si los progenitores ceden ante sus hijos y les permiten quedarse un poco más, dormir en el sofá o junto a ellos, los niños sabrán que pueden salirse con la suya en esta situación y también en otras. Por ello, gran parte de psicólogos y expertos, entre los que destaca Eduard Estivill, autor del libro "Duérmete niño", recomiendan iniciar cuanto antes un plan para crear hábitos nocturnos regulares.

Hora de dormir
Los padres deben decidir el momento preciso en el que el niño debe acostarse, para ello, pueden utilizar un punto de referencia, como el término de un programa de televisión o unas pegatinas colocadas en el reloj de la cocina. Más allá de la técnica empleada, es importante que los padres actúen con firmeza y no cedan a no ser que se trate de un día o una situación especial.

Rutina diaria

A los niños les gusta saber lo que va a ocurrir en cada momento. Por lo tanto, unos hábitos nocturnos regulares conseguirán que el niño sepa cuándo es la hora de irse a la cama. Para establecer una rutina nocturna, el psicólogo y orientador escolar, José Luis García Castro, recomienda utilizar señales que hagan patente que ha llegado el momento de acostarse, como, por ejemplo, lavarse, leer un cuento, comer una galleta o coger un muñeco. Este proceso puede ser tan simple como decir "el momento de irse a la cama es el momento en que termina este programa de televisión".
Asimismo, hay que mantener al niño calmado durante la media hora que precede el momento de irse a la cama. Para ello, hay que evitar peleas o juegos muy activos y sustituirlos por cuentos o música. Ante todo, los padres no deben permitir evasivas por parte del niño, ni dejarse convencer de seguir leyendo "un cuento más". En vez de esto, se ha de anunciar de antemano las historias que se esa noche o indicar al niño que "cuando el reloj marque las 9:30, ha llegado el momento. Luces apagadas o en 15 minutos, el reloj sonará, lo que significa apagar la luz", apunta García Castro.

Miedos y angustias
Los temores de los niños tienden a manifestarse de noche. Ante esta situación, los padres deben animar al niño para que hable de sus problemas y preocupaciones, a fin de poderlos solucionar y que el menor pueda conciliar el sueño. También se pueden emplear técnicas de relajación, respiración e incluso masajes.

Permanecer en la cama
Muchos niños tienen la costumbre de levantarse continuamente de la cama para pedir agua o comentar algo a los padres. Para afrontar esta situación podemos utilizar un despertador que suene al poco tiempo de que el niño se haya ido a la cama e ir aumentado el tiempo de permanencia en la misma. También es eficaz utilizar un gráfico y dar puntos por permanecer acostado. En ambos casos, hay que gratificar al niño por permanecer en la cama el máximo tiempo posible.
Además, se debe colocar junto a la cama del niño todo aquello que pueda utilizar durante la noche: agua, linterna, la radio, un juguete…
El problema de algunos niños es que no consiguen relajarse lo suficiente para poder conciliar el sueño, por lo que se les puede enseñar técnicas de respiración y relajación. Los padres pueden acostarse un rato al lado del niño y hablarle de lo que hay que hacer para quedarse dormido.
Para los bebés que aún permanecen en la cuna pero son lo suficientemente mayores para hablar, los hábitos nocturnos, a menudo, requieren actos más definitivos que exigen decisión por parte de los padres. Una vez arropados y tras darles el beso de buenas noches, se debe cerrar la puerta y no volver atrás, aunque el niño llore, a no ser que realmente se encuentre mal. Si después de veinte minutos el niño aún llora, se ha de volver a su habitación indicándole que se duerma. Besarle y salir de nuevo durante otros veinte minutos. Si es necesario, hay que repetir esta rutina cada noche, hasta que el niño perciba que su táctica no da resultados.
Y si a pesar de seguir estas pautas el niño consigue salirse con la suya hay que evitar la discusión. En lugar de ello, se aplican consecuencias negativas como acostarse más temprano la próxima noche.

24 comentarios:

Anónimo dijo...

Hablais aunque sin nombrarlo del metodo Estivill, os copio de otro foro:


Lo que algunos especialistas piensan sobre este tipo de método:

La psicóloga M Luisa Ferrerós opina:
Los nuevos estudios sugieren huir de ciertos métodos que consideran brutales como aislar a los bebés en su habitación y dejarles llorar durante 10 minutos ininterrumpidamente, tal y como proponen algunos best-sellers infantiles (Ver "La Ferberización", por Robert Wright, psiquiatra infantil). Recientes investigaciones aseguran que cuando los niños lloran porque están solos, aumentan su dosis de cortisona y sus hormonas del stress a causa de cambios físicos en el celebro
Artículo El sueño de tu hijo. Meredith Small

Dicho libro no es más que una adaptación del escrito por el Dr. Ferber, el mismo se está retractando de sus primeras afirmaciones suavizando las mismas, puntualizando que su método no es apto para todos los niños y que el colecho es una opción familiar, podeís encontrar dicho artículo en su idioma de origen (inglés) aquí: Fuente de origen :http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05319/606752.stm

Anónimo dijo...

El metodo Estivill está totalmente desaconsejado por los psicólogos para niños adoptados. Personalmente, yo lo desacnsejaría para cualquier niño.

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